The And Innovative Substance Abuse Prevention Education...

â€Å"Facing unparalleled drug abuse among the youth in the 1970’s and early 1980’s, visionary Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates and the Los Angeles Unified School District in 1983 launched an unprecedented and innovative substance abuse prevention education program. Children here in the United States and all over the world benefit from having D.A.R.E( Drug Abuse Resistance Education) in their schools. They teach children about the importance of avoiding joining gangs, doing drugs, and violence. Founded in 1983 in Los Angeles, D.A.R.E has become very successful. â€Å" D.A.R.E is implemented in 75 percent of our nations school districts and is in more than 52 countries around the world.† â€Å" D.A.R.E. is a police officer-led series of classroom lessons that teaches children from kindergarten through 12th grade how to resist peer pressure and live productive drug and violence-free lives.†. There are countless reasons why D.A.R.E is so successful. . â€Å"Its unparalleled delivery system utilizing law enforcement officers as instructors and the fact that it was the first program of its kind anywhere in the world have individually and collectively played a critical role in D.A.R.E.’s growth and expansion.†. In order to stay popular and as useful and effective as back when it was first created, D.A.R.E needed highly respected friends in law enforcement, science and education. â€Å"It also needed the intelligent comments and recommendations of the program’s audience – school children†. SeveralShow MoreRelatedOn Site Visit to Human Services1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: I visited The Centers of Marion County Mental Health, which is a facility that treats mental health patients as well as patients that need detoxification services. The facility has both in-patient and out-patient programs that counsel and treat both adults and children that deal with mental health diagnosis such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychosis, depression, and much more. The mission of the centers is to â€Å"offer a wide variety of behavioral health care services Read MoreEarly College High School College1300 Words   |  6 PagesEARLY COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL Early College High Schools (ECHS) are innovative high schools that allow students least likely to attend college an opportunity to earn a high school diploma and 60 college credit hours. Early College High Schools: †¢ provide dual credit at no cost to students †¢ offer rigorous instruction and accelerated courses †¢ provide academic and social support services to help students succeed †¢ increase college readiness, and †¢ reduce barriers to college access. The University ofRead MoreManagement Concerns Of Corrections For Special Populations Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical, mental, social, and programmatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners and to whom jail and prison management and staff have to respond in nontraditional and innovative ways (Schmalleger Smykla 2013). The special needs populations included individuals suffering from mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse and dependency, the elderly, sufferers of chronic and communicable diseases, and physical disabilities. Keywords: corrections, special needs offenders, management Read MoreCriminality and Victimization Are Affected by Globalization1829 Words   |  7 Pageshave a key role in developing overall policies, and in promoting, coordinating and supporting crime prevention. On the other hand, personnel with different skills and roles in crime prevention, whether police officers, judges and prosecutors, probation officers, social workers, health service, researchers, civil society organizations and communities, all play an important role in crime prevention project development and implementation (Shaw, et al, 2010, p.xx). Risk of crime At the global levelRead MoreThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act1136 Words   |  5 Pagesneglect and abuse is both criminal and civil. The civil definitions that determine the grounds for intervention by State child protective agencies, at the Federal level, by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) January 31, 1974.By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America and Congress assembled this act may be cited as, â€Å"the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. Section 3 of the Law said† For purposes of this Act the term child abuse and neglectRead MoreSuccessful Hiv Prevention And Treatment Requires Evidence Based Approaches1573 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Successful HIV prevention and treatment requires evidence-based approaches that combine biomedical strategies with behavioral interventions that are socially and culturally appropriate for the population or community being prioritized for the population or community bein g prioritized† (Martinez, 2016). Hispanic/Latino Culture Towards HIV Prevention Plans Cultural Background The Hispanic cultural is still signified by the dominant role of the male in the community and family structure (Gurung, 2014)Read MoreInfluences For Choosing Social Work As A Career986 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing Social Work as a Career Social work has been my major since childhood. Throughout my life I have persevered against poverty, discrimination, domestic violence, substance abuse and mental health barriers. Due to my experience with these issues, the art of learning grew into a passion and priority. By focusing on my education, I established my identity apart from the status quo of my background and became the first woman in my family to attend college. Despite enrolling without a career pathRead More The Identity of a Professional Counselor 1777 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on the specialization of counseling, as well as, overall identity factors that remain the same across the entire counseling spectrum. The paper examines key philosophies of the counseling profession which include: wellness, resilience, and prevention and how these philosophies impact the counseling profession. Next it will discuss the characteristics of an effective professional counselor in two different professional roles and two professi onal counseling associations. Further, it will lookRead MoreUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthese young mothers as well as their babies. Teens at higher risk of becoming pregnant are raised at or below the poverty level by single parents; live in environments that cause high levels of stress (i.e., divorce, sexual psychological and physical abuse); are influenced by peers or family members that are sexually active; and lack parental guidance that would direct them to be responsible and self-controlled. Compared to women 20-21 children born to this age group live in environments that lack stimulationRead MoreDrug Abuse And Prescription Opioid Painkillers1409 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, more than 2 million people suffer from substance abuse disorders that correlate with use of prescription opioid painkillers. Over the past 15 years, overdose deaths due to prescription opioids have more than quadrupled. One of the underlying causes is the over prescription of pain relievers by physicians. This was demonstrated in 2013, with the writing of 207 million prescriptions for opioid pain relievers. Opiates can be classified as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic

The Argument For Complete Abolition Of The Use Of Animals...

In this essay I will outline and defend the argument for complete abolition of the use of animals in biomedical research. I will ultimately agree with Tom Regan’s claim that â€Å"the fundamental wrong is the system that allows us to view animals as our resources.† I will describe DeGrazia’s and Carruthers’ important objections to Regan’s claim as well as Regan and Singer’s responses. I will show that none of the objections overcomes Regan’s central argument. 1) Regan’s Argument: Regan states that the use of animals in research assumes that their value is reducible to their possible utility relative to the interests of others. Regan states that it is wrong for us to use animals to be eaten, exploited for money or sport, or surgically manipulated. Regan has a Kantian view of how we should treat animals in research and in general. The possible utility of animals approach shows that people believe that we have no duties directly to animals, that we owe nothing to them, that we can do nothing that wrongs them. One problem with this view is that it is anthropocentric and does not take account of the possible sufferings of other species. Animals are subject to painful and inhumane treatment during biomedical research and testing, they have entered into a contract that they have not given contest to. The violation of animals’ rights means that decisions are made for them, and usually do not benefit them. It is wrong for humans to decide what should be done wi th animals. The use ofShow MoreRelatedIts Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate about using animals for medical testing has been ongoing for years. The struggle is usually between extreme animal rights activists and scientists. The animal rights activists believe animals should never be used for research, and the scientists believe any use of animals is acceptable. Listed below are factual historical accounts of animal use, statistics, and arguments against the use of animals. In ancient Greece animals were used for the study of life science. To learn aboutRead More A More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1506 Words   |  7 Pagesto Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation The debate about using animals for medical testing has been raging for years. The struggle always seems to be between extremist animal rights activists who believe that animals should never be used for research, and scientists who believe that any use of animals is acceptable. There are a growing number who argue that there must be a reasonable middle ground. I contend that there must be a significant decrease in the number of animals usedRead MoreThe Hypocrisy Of American Slavery1666 Words   |  7 PagesFrederick Douglass gave a speech entitled â€Å"The Hypocrisy of American Slavery,† slavery was still a prominent feature of American society, especially in the Southern States. Douglass, like many others, was an abolitionist, someone who advocates the abolition or ending of something, such as slavery. Douglass’s speech was intended to shine a light on what he called the hypocritical practice of slavery within the United States of America. Lyndon B. Johnson on th e other hand, was the 36th president of theRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Fugitive Slave And A Free Man1192 Words   |  5 Pagesdepriving them of an education.[] By doing so, slave owners reduced their slave’s state of mind to that of an animal, unable to think, speak and advocate for themselves. After reading â€Å"The Columbian Orator,† in particular the Dialogues Between a Master and Slave by John Aikins, Douglass understood the â€Å"pathway from slavery to freedom;† becoming educated.[] Fredrick Douglass provides the strong argument that in order to achieve physical freedom, a slave must achieve mental freedom. Through knowledge and anRead MorePros And Cons Of Nuclear Weapons Essay1996 Words   |  8 PagesSince nuclear weapons came into production, the question regarding their abolition has been on the minds of many global citizens. Nuclear weapons are described as being, â€Å"†¦ the most destructive, inhumane and indiscriminate weapons ever cre ated. Both in the scale of the devastation they cause, and in their uniquely persistent, spreading, genetically damaging radioactive fallout† (icanw.org,n.d.). Their disastrous nature would make anyone think that the answer should be a unanimous â€Å"yes†, but in factRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Cheapens the Value of Human Life1588 Words   |  7 Pagesremains a divisive, polarising and emotionally charged subject abundant with passionate conviction from both retentionists and abolitionists: it is ridden with morally persuasive arguments on both side of the fence. It was as far back as in 1830, that the Marquis de Lafayette vociferously stated: â€Å"I shall ask for the abolition of the punishment of death until I have the infallibility of human judgment demonstrated to me†. Why? The following quote by Stewart J sums it up perfectly in that: [T]heRead MoreEmancipation and Apprenticeship3508 Words   |  15 Pagesquestioned whether slavery was right but they still practiced it. They argued that slavery although wrong was necessary in order to develop their empire and to convert heathens to Christians. The Bible itself was ambiguous enough for Europeans to use it as the foundation for supporting slavery e.g.: the story about the curse on Ham and his posterity and their ‘blackness’ giving them inferiority and making them slaves forever. 18th Century Attitudes to Slavery In the 18th century, thereRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1917 Words   |  8 Pagesmovement. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass many stories to portray the horrors of slavery. The narrative consists of Douglass’ life as a slave, and his path to freedom. The story also doubles as a persuasive argument, written in hopes that one day slavery would be abolished. Douglass is born a slave and spends much of his childhood discovering what it is to be enslaved. During this time growing up, he only sees the horrors of slavery. As he becomes older, DouglassRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Second Temple1558 Words   |  7 Pageswas originally offered in the Jerusalem Temple (Sanders 2016). They sacrificed animals to gain peace and forgiveness, and the animals were distributed among the priest, the altar and the worshipper after the ritual slaughter (Sanders 2016). The exile disrupted the religious identity of Jew ish people that was closely tied to their native land, the place that was seen as YHWH’s house. The captivity resulted in the abolition of their temple, which led to the changes in their religious practices as JewishRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Uncle Tom s Cabin 1827 Words   |  8 PagesSlave Law is a set of â€Å"laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory.† Throughout the book, Stowe uses many examples to show the link between slavery and religion, emancipation/abolition and religion, and the values of capitalism. To begin with, the link between slavery and religion starts with Stowe writing for an overall religious and Protestant audience, Stowe shows that the system of slavery

What Role Do the External Factors, I.E., the British, Wwii, and Hitler, Play Essay Sample free essay sample

‘Midaq Alley’ is a fresh written by the well-known Egyptian writer. Naguib Mahfouz. It is a microcosmic show of Egypt during the British authorization at that clip. The fresh chiefly focuses on an back street located in one of the crowded streets of Cairo. Omnisciently narrated. it gives us a elaborate analysis of the Egyptian people during that clip of subjugation. Mahfouz conveys his message by the creative activity of external factors such as the British and WWII and doing them play an high function throughout the novel. and therefore holding a profound impact on the actions taken by the supporters and adversaries in the novel. Naguib likewise used word picture. scene and the subject of patriotism to foster present his message. At first glimpse. the influence of the West seems welcome because it provides a manner for persons populating in the back street to get away from the country by working for the British Army. We will write a custom essay sample on What Role Do the External Factors, I.E., the British, Wwii, and Hitler, Play? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After Hussain Kirsha leaves the back street to work for the British. â€Å"his new wealth affords him undreamed-of luxuries. † transfusing in his head a belief that â€Å"the war is a blessing† ( Mahfouz. 33+36 ) . For many people like Hussain. fall ining forces with the West is a promise of the wealth and success that they can non get while life in the back street. Not merely are those who join the war promised a life of wealths and luxury. but with the freshly improved quality of life they are able to supply more efficaciously for a household. likely doing them more appealing than hapless work forces to many adult females. particularly those who have lived in poorness for their full lives. Although on the surface the influence of the West seems positive. go forthing Midaq Alley behind makes some people like Hussain feel as though they are superior to those still populating in the back street. Hussain says to Abbas. â€Å"Shake off this suffering life. shut up your store. go forth this foul back street behind† ( Mahfouz. 36 ) in an effort to convert Abbas that a life off from the back street is superior to the life style that the back street can supply ( Mahfouz. 36 ) . He labels the topographic point where he grew up as â€Å"filthy. † uncovering that he thinks that with his new life he is of a higher position than the people pop ulating in the back street. doing him unappreciative of the country in which he was raised ( Mahfouz. 36 ) . By go forthing to work for the British Army. Hussain separates himself wholly from his old life. and he shows small regard for his old neighbors when he visits. In add-on to an effort to go forth his old life style behind. Hussain besides tries to detach himself from his race. He proudly says to Abbas. â€Å"Corporal Julian one time told me that the lone difference between me and the British is that of coloring material. † demoing that he desires to possess British qualities ( Mahfouz. 34 ) . The criterion by which he defines himself is non a individual of his ain race. but instead a westerner. uncovering his valuing of the foreign civilization over the 1 with which he grew up. Not merely does he draw a bead on to populate his life otherwise than the people in the back street do. but he besides feels proud of moving more like a British adult male than an Arabic 1. efficaciously holding Arabic civilization inferior to western society. Furthermore. it is true that while Hussain had an utmost reaction to the British. others. like Abbas. did non wish to abandon their lives in the back street in exchange for a western manner of life. but it seems that those who are really concerned with going rich would be more easy tempted to see the British as superior persons. Therefore. while the state of affairs of every individual may non be like that of Hussain. if there is the possibility for an person to hate the civilization in which he grew up plenty to diss the people who continue to populate in the destitute society and to experience the demand to wipe out the individual he one time was in order to adhere to western criterions. the function of the West seems to be little more than that of an unwelcome encroacher despite its possible pecuniary benefits. Besides. while the war is bringing havoc on most of the universe. it offers new chances for the dwellers of Midaq Alley. Salim Alwan is gaining from covering goods on the unregulated black market. Hussain Kirsha and Abbas addition employment through the British Army. When she becomes a cocotte. Hamida’s deserving comes from British soldiers on leave in Egypt. The war fuels the aspiration in all of these characters. It offers them a window into a life that they may non otherwise hold had entree to. Naguib Mahfouz paints the British residents in a reasonably unfavorable visible radiation. and likewise. the unsighted aspiration colonization has brought out in Midaq Alley. Ambition in general was fuelled by the external factors moving upon Midaq Alley. This was because the fires of each character’s stimulations were ignited the 2nd it was obvious that the West would give them undreamt of luxuries they neer knew existed. It can be said that working for the British residents was a one manner trade with the Satan ; you will neer come out triumphant. Furthermore. it is obvious that Naguib Mahfouz intentionally portrayed the British the Satan and working with them is subscribing a trade with the Satan. Naguib Mahfouz has said in interviews that his political propensities creep into all of his work. As a protagonist of the Wafd Party and a devoted Egyptian patriot. his positions surely come into drama in Midaq Alley. He besides addresses his nationalist set in a more crystalline manner through the character of Ibrahim Farhat. the politician who promises to convey things back to the old Wafd ideals of 1919. After sing the influence of Britain on the characters in Midaq Alley. the reader’s position of the western function in Egypt dramatically change. While antecedently believed that the West had a right to assistance in other states. cultural and societal deductions of the intercession were non taken into consideration. At foremost. like Hussain Kirsha. the British authorization was contemplated to be a positive happening because new occupations were offered as a consequence. and people could derive entree to wealth that had been antecedently unknown to them. After seeing how Hussain treats others in the novel as a consequence of working for the British. nevertheless. the readers began to recognize that working with British soldiers caused him to try to wipe out his womb-to-tomb cultural individuality and replace it with a western sense of being. Ultimately. external factors have had a just portion in set uping how the characters in Midaq Alley act throughout the novel. World War II and the British authorization played a distinguished function in developing the character of Hussain Kirsha every bit good as the actions taken by him and the actions taken by others towards him. The enjambmented political propensities of Mahfouz. being the loyal Egyptian patriot he is. surely come to help in conveying h is message.

Management information systems

Introduction A management information system (MIS) is a business tool that integrates technology, information, and people. It differs from other types of information systems in that it can be used to evaluate an organization’s operational activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management information systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An MIS is tailored to be used alongside human decision-making. There are different types of management information system notably Transaction processing system (TPS), Management information system (MIS), Decision support system (DSS), Expert System (ES), and Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP). This essay seeks to compare these five different types of management information system in terms of their functions and importance. Transaction Processing System Functions and Importance A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of information system that collect s, stores, retrieves, and modifies data transaction procedures in an organization. In this process, transaction passes through an AICD test where data is generated or modified before it is stored in the information system. Transaction processing systems serve three functional areas: system routine functions, system administration functions, and application development functions. System routine functions entail the provision of an execution environment where integrity, availability, and security of data are enhanced. It also guarantees fast response time and high transaction throughout the process. The system administrative functions of the transaction processing system include provision of administrative support that enables users to configure, monitor, and manage their transaction systems. Application development functions encapsulate the provision of functions for use in custom business applications like access to data, intercomputer communications, and design and management of us er interface. Transaction processing systems help in scheduling and loading by controlling the rate and order at which processing of tasks take place. High priority is given to tasks with the best response times and with respect to the availability of application servers and other system resources. A TPS is vital in managing the system resources as it maintains a pool of operating resources that are used in transaction processing, application program loading, and acquiring and releasing storage.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A transaction processing system helps in monitoring the progress of tasks and can suspend tasks waiting for input while also adjusting task priorities. It ultimately resolves any problem encountered during processing. TPS also help in managing data. It obtains data to be used in performance of tasks, coordinates resource managers, locks the data for update, and records logging changes. This IS tool manages communication by monitoring communication with users and servers, ensuring that communication sessions are initiated appropriately and manages data handling and conversion processes. Finally, it routes data to the intended destination (Weikum and Vossen, 2002, pp. 67). TPS aids time management efforts as it manages transaction processing in relation to the passage of time. It ensures that tasks are started at predefined times. The dates and time when events started are logged onto disk. In general, A TPS controls part of business system to provide a certain degree of automation to otherwise manual processes. Diagram of TPS System Management information system functions and importance A management information system is very pivotal in effective and efficient management of organizations. It makes use of technology, information, and people as its primary resources. It is often used in analysis of operational activities within an organization and serves myriad functions within an organization. For MIS to effectively serve its functions, people with both software and hardware installation skills have to be engaged. Employees within the organization must also have people skills. The MIS systems can be used in controlling tax and finance within an organization (O’Brien, 1999, pp. 12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management information systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Management information system functions can be classified into help desk, support team, service and support, training, networking, purchasing, installations, research and development, operations, planning, and budget. At the help desk MIS can be used to aid in solving problems. Calls that stream to the help desk telephone can be entered into database where they can be quickly retrieved and updated. At the support team level, an MIS helps teams assigned to different department s and projects to offer their ongoing knowledge and progress in areas where they operate in an improved manner. MIS can also be used by service and support teams like those engaged in hardware repair, software support, and warranty services to provide onsite services. The support team will be capable of providing phone support within an organization thereby acting like liaisons between the department head and other support teams. With MIS, employees can be trained on computer basics, office productivity software, and use of specialized software in every department. MIS can be used in networking an entire organization. It can be used in designing both local and wide area network, their implementation and support. It can also be used in enhancing server support, backing up, and anti-virus server support. MIS can also be used in Ethernet and fiber optic support. With regard to purchasing, MIS can aid in specifying the specifications ofb hardware and software systems to be purchased the reby maintaining standards for purchases. It assists in maintenance of fixed assets and grant proposals. With regard to research and development, MIS helps in review of current trends in the industry. After the review, an organization can opt to introduce new technology while evaluating new systems. With MIS, an organization is capable of doing light data entry and modifications. It can also aid in budgeting and planning where a relationship is maintained between different departments within an organization with respect to areas they deem as priority areas. Planning can be done for long and short-term projects.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Functions and importance of DSS Decision support systems (DSS), similar to other ISs, aid managers in their day-to-day decision making processes without requiring the presence of computer experts (Laudon Laudon, 1991, pp. 122). DSSs transform data in such a way that they become useful and quality decisions can be made from them. DSS serves three main functions: information management, data quantification, and model manipulation. With respect to information management, information is stored, retrieved, and reported in a structured format that is convenient for the user. In the perspective of data quantification, large amount of information is condensed and manipulated analytically into core indicators that reflect the essence of the data. Model manipulation implies construction and resolution of different scenarios to respond to what if questions. Modules are formulated, alternatives generated, and solutions to proposed models arrived at. It is incumbent that owners of established e nterprises become certain that businesses need DSS before buying computer systems and software to initiate it. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) functions ERP solutions are used by organizations to streamline and integrate operation processes and flow of information. This procedure helps in synergizing the organization’s resources like men, material, money, and machine through information. ERP was initially recommended for larger enterprises such as multinational companies due to the costs incurred in its implementation. However, non-multinational companies have so far gone ahead and implemented its usage so that they have competitive advantage over their competitors. Some of the notable functions of ERP include helping improve information access throughout an organization. The system helps in routine business processes like tax structures, invoicing systems, and provides a cohesive clientele database that can be accessed by all departments within the organization. With resp ect to improved business processes, an enterprise can have a competitive advantage over its competitors when it integrates ERP. With the implementation of an ERP system, the use of paper records becomes limited because of availability of online formats where data can be stored and retrieved easily. It facilitates better monitoring and faster resolution of queries (Sheilds, 2001, pp.9). Functions of Expert Systems Expert systems are computer applications that integrate computer equipment, software, and specialized information to imitate expert human reasoning and advice. An ES system provides discipline specific advice to their users. Their usage is restricted to commercial and industrial setups. It has a searching program known as an inference engine which contains all systematic processing rules and logic associated with them. It also consists of a knowledge database that stores necessary factual, procedural, and experiential information that represents expert knowledge (Turban and Jay, 1998, pp. 51). Through knowledge transfer, expertise is normally passed from human to knowledge engineer who creates and structures the knowledge database through completion of logical, physical, and psychological tasks. This is why expert systems are fondly referred to as knowledge based information systems. Human expertise is widely distributed through the expert system thereby making businesses to realize the benefits of consistency, accuracy, and reliability as pertains problem solving. Reference List Laudon, K.C., and Laudon, J.P. (1991). Management Information Systems: A  Contemporary Perspective. New York: Macmillan. O’Brien, J. (1999). Management Information Systems – Managing Information  Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Sheilds, M.G. (2001). E-Business and ERP: Rapid Implementation and Project  Planning. London: John Wiley and Sons. Turban, E., and Jay, E. A. (1998). Decision Support Systems and Intelligent S ystems.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Weikum, G., and Vossen, G. (2002). Transactional information systems: theory,  algorithms, and the practice of concurrency control and recovery, New York: Morgan Kaufmann. This essay on Management information systems was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Management Information Systems

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Questions

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Questions A rhetorical question is a  question (such as How could I be so stupid?) thats asked merely for effect with no answer expected. The answer may be obvious or immediately provided by the questioner. Also known as  erotesis, erotema, interrogatio, questioner, and reversed polarity question (RPQ). A rhetorical question can be an effective persuasive device, subtly influencing the kind of response one wants to get from an audience (Edward P.J. Corbett). See Examples and Observations, below. In English, rhetorical questions are commonly used in speech and in informal kinds of writing (such as advertisements). Rhetorical questions appear less frequently in academic discourse. Types of Rhetorical Questions Anthypophora and HypophoraEpiplexisErotesis Examples and Observations Something [rhetorical] questions all have in common . . . is that they are not asked, and are not understood, as ordinary information-seeking questions, but as making some kind of claim, or assertion, an assertion of the opposite polarity to that of the question.(Irene Koshik, Beyond Rhetorical Questions. John Benjamins, 2005)Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?(H. L. Mencken)It did not occur to me to call a doctor, because I knew none, and although it did occur to me to call the desk and ask that the air conditioner be turned off, I never called, because I did not know how much to tip whoever might come- was anyone ever so young?(Joan Didion, Goodbye to All That. Slouching Towards Bethlehem, 1968)The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old dream: poverty can be abolished. How long shall we ignore this under-developed nation in our midst? How long shall we look the other way while our fellow human beings suffer? How long(Michael Harringt on, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, 1962) Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery? Is that a question for republicans? Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation, as a matter beset with great difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the principle of justice, hard to understand?(Frederick Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? July 5, 1852)Hath not a Jew eyes?Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?If you prick us, do we not bleed, if you tickle us, do we not laugh?If you poison us, do we not die?(Shylock in William Shakespeares Merchant of Venice)Can I ask a rhetorical question? Well, can I?(Ambrose Bierce)Arent you glad you use Dial?Dont you wish everybody did?(1960s television advertisement for Dial soap)To actually see inside your ear canalit would be fascinating, wouldnt it?(Letter from Sonus, a hearing-aid company, quoted in Rhetorical Questions Wed Rather Not Answer. The New Yorker, March 24, 2003)If practice makes perfect, and no ones perfect, then wh y practice?(Billy Corgan) Isnt it a bit unnerving that doctors call what they do practice?(George Carlin)Am I alone in thinking it odd that a people ingenious enough to invent paper, gunpowder, kites, and any number of other useful objects, and who have a noble history extending back three thousand years, havent yet worked out that a pair of knitting needles is no way to capture food?(Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)The Indians [in the Oliver Stone movie The Doors] serve the same function they did in Dances With Wolves: they make the far more highly paid white movie actors seem soulful and important and in touch with ancient truths. Do Indians enjoy being used this way, as spiritual elves or cosmic merit badges?(Libby Gelman-Waxner [Paul Rudnick], Sex, Drugs, and Extra-Strength Excedrin. If You Ask Me, 1994)Rhetorical Questions in Shakespeares Julius CaesarRhetorical questions are those so worded that one and only one answer can be generally expected from the audience you are addressin g. In this sense, they are like the unmentioned premises in abbreviated reasoning, which can go unmentioned because they can be taken for granted as generally acknowledged.Thus, for example, Brutus asks the citizens of Rome: Who is here so base that would be a bondman? adding at once: If any, speak, for him have I offended. Again Brutus asks: Who is here so vile that will not love his country? Let him also speak, for him I have offended. Brutus dares to ask these rhetorical questions, knowing full well that no one will answer his rhetorical questions in the wrong way.So, too, Marc Antony, after describing how Caesars conquests filled Romes coffers, asks: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? And after reminding the populace that Caesar thrice refused the crown that was offered him, Antony asks: Was this ambition? Both are rhetorical questions to which one and only one answer can be expected.(Mortimer Adler, How to Speak How to Listen. Simon Schuster, 1983) Are Rhetorical Questions Persuasive?By arousing curiosity, rhetorical questions motivate people to try to answer the question that is posed. Consequently, people pay closer attention to information relevant to the rhetorical question. . . .At this point, I think it is important to note that the fundamental problem in the study of rhetorical questions is the lack of focus on the persuasive effectiveness of different types of rhetorical questions. Clearly, an ironical rhetorical question is going to have a different effect on an audience than an agreement rhetorical question. Unfortunately, little research has been conducted on how different types of rhetorical questions operate in a persuasive context.(David R. Roskos-Ewoldsen, What Is the Role of Rhetorical Questions in Persuasion? Communication and Emotion: Essays in Honor of Dolf Zillmann, ed. by Jennings Bryant et al. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003)Punctuating Rhetorical QuestionsFrom time to time, people become dissatisfied with the broa d application of the question mark and try to narrow it down, usually by proposing distinct marks for the different kinds of question. Rhetorical questions have attracted  particular attention, as- not requiring any answer- they are so different in kind. An Elizabethan printer, Henry Denham, was an early advocate, proposing in the 1580s a reverse question mark  (ØŸ) for this function, which came to be called a percontation mark (from a Latin word meaning a questioning act). Easy enough to handwrite, some late 16th century authors did sporadically use it, such as Robert Herrick. . . . But printers were unimpressed, and the mark never became standard. However, it has received a new lease of life online . . ..(David Crystal, Making a Point:  The Persnickety Story of English Punctuation. St. Martins Press, 2015) The Lighter Side of Rhetorical QuestionsHoward: We need to ask you a question.Professor Crawley: Really? Let me ask you a question. What does an accomplished entomologist with a doctorate and twenty years of experience do when the university cuts all his funding?Rajesh: Ask uncomfortable rhetorical questions to people?(Simon Helberg, Lewis Black, and Kunal Nayyar in The Jiminy Conjecture. The Big Bang Theory, 2008)Penny: Sheldon, have you any idea what time it is?Sheldon: Of course I do. My watch is linked to the atomic clock in Boulder, Colorado. Its accurate to one-tenth of a second. But as Im saying this, it occurs to me that you may have again been asking a rhetorical question.(Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons in The Loobenfeld Decay. The Big Bang Theory, 2008)Dr. Cameron: Why did you hire me?Dr. House: Does it matter?Dr. Cameron: Kind of hard to work for a guy who doesnt respect you.Dr. House: Why?Dr. Cameron: Is that rhetorical?Dr. House: No, it just seems that way because you cant think of an answer.(House, M.D.)I forget, which day did God create all the fossils?(An anti-creationism bumper sticker, cited by Jack Bowen in If You Can Read This: The Philosophy of Bumper Stickers. Random House, 2010)Grandma Simpson and Lisa are singing Bob Dylans Blowin in the Wind (How many roads must a man walk down/Before you call him a man?). Homer overhears and says, Eight!Lisa: That was a rhetorical question!Homer: Oh. Then, seven!Lisa: Do you even know what rhetorical means?Homer: Do I know what rhetorical means?(The Simpsons, When Grandma Simpson Returns) Pronunciation: ri-TOR-i-kal KWEST-shun

buy custom Naked Love essay

buy custom Naked Love essay True Love and The Flurry by Sharon Olds are the incredible poems that depict the relationships between the two married couples that seem to be unhappy if to look deeper into their inner feelings. Both poems make a reader observe the meaning of love in marriage and the main reasons that unite people and separate them from each other, causing an irresistible desire to be free. Thus, love binds the lovers through making sex and upbringing of their children in True Love, and it becomes naked and relentless in The Flurry, when one of the spouses decides to divorce, not taking into account the future sufferings of their childrens. True love relates to sincere feelings that must be eternal, as sex and children combine people to spend the whole life in joy and grief together. In the poem True Love, Sharon Olds explores different issues that contribute to the feeling of true love, even if her explanations are not modest but persuasive. It is evident that the speaker of the poem is a woman, who tries to reflect on her love life with her husband after making love. It is difficult to understand whether the woman is satisfied or not, but she indicates: In the middle of the night, when we get up/ after making love, we look at each other in/ complete friendship (Olds 1-3). On the one hand, these words prove that their relationship is very warm, and both can trust each other like friends; on the other hand, it means that love between the two is fading. Intimacy is one of the most significant things in marriage that makes a husband and a wife live in comfort and peace; this kind of relationship positively affects it and leads to true love. The speaker shares with the reader the most sacred parts of her pivate life, trying to explain that if there is no sincere love, sex will never be pleasant. Moreover, the woman is equal, according to her husband, and she does not feel any shame, while sharing her emotions about sex and passion. The tone sounds very optimistic, and the speakers voice is soft and confident when the speaker says: I know where you are/ with my eyes closed,/ we are bound to each other/with huge invisible threads, our sexes/ muted, exhausted, crushed (Olds 9-12). Thus, the speaker wants the reader to understand that they live in a perfect union and see each other as one. However, praising the most precious moment after making love, the author uses a particular word choice, compelling one to believe that two persons are not tied to each other in a positive way. Firstly, Olds claims that the husband and his wife are bound to each other/ like mountaineers coming down from a mountain, and it sounds quite persuasive (Olds 4-5). Their life and love seem to be so ideal that it is difficult to imagine that something might be wrong in the relationships. Such a strange thought leads to the conflict of the poem, as the reader starts musing on the fact, whether it is good or bad being bound closely to another person. In fact, the wife can think that marriage is a trap for her, as she depends on sex with her husband and their children. It is obvious that the author applies the words bound and tie in the form of a negative connotation. Thus, the reader begins to assume that the relationships between the lovers are not stable. Love is not eternal, and even children cannot save the marriage if parents decide to get divorced. In contrast to True Love, The Flurry reflects on even warmer relationships, despite the fact that it is a different kind of love. The first lines When we talk about when to tell the kids,/ we are so together, so concentrated give a precise hint to the reader that there is some tension in the couple, and they even do not know how to tell their children that love is over (Olds 1-2). It is evident that both regret it, but it seems to them that the best solution is to live separately, as their marriage now seems like a torture. In this poem, there is a short dialogue between a husband and a wife and the deaf silence covers their so-called conversation when the woman says: I feel like a killer (Olds 3). However, the man rejects his wifes thought, considering that he is to blame for everything that has happened with their family. The most touching thing is that they do not shout at each other , because both understand that it is the end, and it makes no sense to mark time. The one and only thing, which is left between a husband and a wife, is respect, as a man considers himself as a killer. The speaker of this poem is a woman too, but she differs from the speaker from the poem True Love. In the poem The Flurry, the woman does not long for freedom and independence because she loves her husband and will love him eternally. Her inner fear to lose her husband lead to the creation of conflict that is related to the speakers desire to stay with her husband by rejecting reality. Moreover, the speaker makes considerable efforts to hide her emotions and feelings but indicates: I tell him I will try to fall out of/ love with him, but I feel I will love him/ all my life (Olds 18-20). In this case, the tone of the poem is pessimistic, and the voice of the speaker is soft and sad; thus, both elements reinforce the conflict of the narrator, who merely cannot break up the relationships. Buy custom Naked Love essay

Implementation plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementation plan - Case Study Example In an effort to ensure efficiency, effective project planning is a critical step in the implementation of any project. This involves the definition of tasks for the market, planning, and development teams (Pfeiffer, 2008). Market research was the first main task, which sought to outline the opportunities and the potential challenges in the Qatar market. This is a critical step because businesses need to understand a foreign market well before venturing into its opportunities. After successful market research, the definition of the specifications, which involves the identification of target customers as well as the distribution channels followed. These two tasks are the responsibilities of the marketing team, and marked the first milestone after five weeks. The next steps involved the design of a website and extensive project planning. Project planning in this case involved budget and export planning. The completion of these tasks marked the achievement of the second milestone, which happened in four weeks. The development team was involved in the launching of the product. In the first two weeks, the initial launching was conducted, which was accompanied by rigorous promotional activities. After the in itial launch, the VOSS premium product was then fully launched into different distribution channels that targeted top hotels and restaurants. This marked the third and most important milestone in launching the VOSS brand in Qatar, and took about five weeks. After the full launch, the teams indulged in assessment of the product performance within different distribution channels. Moreover, the product was actively monitored and customer feedback sought by the marketing team (Lodato, 2008). The last three weeks of the project involved analysis of the customer feedback to gain information that would be used in improving the product distribution in Qatar. Pfeiffer, E. (2008). VOSS Water and Retail Expansion:Implications for a

Strategy management - HBR Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategy management - HBR Article - Essay Example Companies which gained economies of scale across the borders have been encountered with a strategic shift where a company needs to adapt to the local conditions. Demand would be low for many years and companies needs to be well aware of the emerging competitors and constantly upgrade its reputation. The developing countries provides the best opportunity for companies but now the companies needs to focus more on customized products for that segment of richer countries that are underserved. This would facilitate more of product innovation at lower prices. The companies would even need to manage a diverse work force that would require more investments in new communication technologies and a powerful corporate identity. Any strategy formulation is done by a company in order to gain competitive advantage in the competitive business environment. There exits certain criteria’s that needs to incorporated in the process of strategy formulation. These criteria’s are based on market and products, operations and innovation, people and organization, and identity and reputation. The strategy formulated should encompass the factors of identification of emerging market competitors, investment in appropriate positions, and adaptability to the local differences (Clarke, Bennison and Guy, 1994, pp. 11-20). The component of market and products focus on those segments in every other country that is underserved, the price pressures should be recognized carefully so that the strategy do not only encompass premium pricing strategies rather the prices should be set on the basis of competition and the purchasing power of the consumers of the particular market segment, and addition of more innovative variet ies in the product offerings (Acur and Bititci, 2004, pp. 388-408). The operations and innovation factor deals with simplification of the supply chain activities, exploring the opportunity of off-shoring activities, shift the R&D activities where there exist the market

Wake Up America! Essay Example for Free

Wake Up America! Essay Nowadays the issue of food is very important in American society as many people suffer from obesity, whereas others suffer from stomach pains and indigestion problems. Therefore, Americans should pay more attention to their everyday meals. As it is claimed, â€Å"the destiny of nations depends on the manner in which they are fed†. So, the popularity of slow food is increasing among nation because fast-food meals make people sick and, consequently, national character is changing as well. Eating shouldn’t be simply fueling up; moreover, it shouldn’t be done quickly and anonymously. People should refuse from French fries, fried beef and, certainly, Coke as all these products are health killers. Our food decisions influence us personally and even globally. Fast-food affects the country not only environmentally, but also politically and culturally. Eating health food shouldn’t be only elitist preoccupation; the government should pay more attention to make health food affordable for all people. (Walker 2006) It is interesting to note that even Presidents don’t pay attention to the food they are eating. The picture of Dixon when he pours ketchup on his cottage cheese is terrifying. In his turn, Bill Clinton instead of paying attention to doctor’s advises, neglects them and eats Big Macs. Our Presidents should be our example and they should be the first to promote health slow food. Maybe, we still lack awareness of the inevitable consequences of eating fast foods. (Trillin 2006) Meanwhile, there are people who suffer from hunger, while we are talking about fast food and slow food. They don’t have such choice as they can’t afford to but food, though they are provided with right to eat and to live. Brazil government feels responsibilities for these people and they have declared the health food course.America should do the same to improve the overall health situation in the country. (Lappe 2006) References Lappe, France Moore. (2006, August 24). A Right to Food? Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. thenation. com/doc/20060911/fmlappe Trillin, Calvin. (2006, August 24). Presidential Eating Preferences. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. thenation. com/docprem. mhtml? i=20060911s=trillin Walker, Alice. (2006, August 24). Slow Food Nation. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. thenation. com/doc/20060911/waters

The Rhetoric of Reggae in Artful Cinema for the World :: Reggae Jamaican Music Film Essays

The Rhetoric of Reggae in Artful Cinema for the World Perry Henzel's The Harder They Come is credited with a significant and unique role in introducing American audiences to reggae. Whereas earlier cinematic crossmarketed films like A Hard Days Night or Help! were adjunct to and dependent on a group's previous commercial musical success, Henzel's film was for many an introduction to reggae and both precursor and impetus for its international impact and commercial popularity. The film's status as a cult classic and phenomenon, to the extent a phenomenon can be explained, perhaps rests on its lack of commercial pretentions or promotional glitz, and thus its authenticity. The rhetoric of this film -- its images, words, and music in complementary array -- is rhetoric in the best sense because it uses the power of language to reveal, not to disguise, the unconscionable constraints on the lives of poor Jamaicans. Principally it's a film by a Jamaican artist about some musically and culturally significant events happening in Jamaica at the time, and though it is formulaic as films tend to be, it also encompasses all of the majors themes and conflicts that define and swirl around reggae music: spirituality, sensuality, commercialism, social justice, the messiah, and even Armageddon, though its tenor is decidedly secular The genius of the film is that it synthesizes a multitude of cultural and musical elements and still manages to function rhetorically on separate but parallel levels of communication. The fundamental message for Jamaican audiences was to document, authenticate, and value the Jamaican reality. As Henzel notes in his running commentary, a special feature of the DVD, Jamaicans cheered the film's opening scenes wildly, simply because they recognized themselves and their world in a powerful global medium that had paid them no mind until then. "There is no thrill in moviedom like people seeing themselves on the screen for the first time." The experience and the legacy of colonialism accustoms people who suffer it to literature and film that depicts the lives and perspectives of the colonizers, not the colonized. As Jamaica Kincaid explains in a memoir of a Carribean childhood, all of her reading was from books set in England. Her land and its people were not worthy of literary attenti on. While finally getting such cinematic attention is a joyful, liberating, and affirming interaction for the Jamaican audience, it has an ironic dimension too in that the downpressed are joyous because at last they see themselves if not through the downpressor's lens, at least on his screen.

American Well Case Writeup

American Well, a pioneer in online healthcare is at the crucial stage where the business opportunities look propitious at the same time it could make the company lose its perspective. It has the first-mover advantage with strong core competency. But still, some of the questions concerning the future of the company do needs to be addressed. Some of the main questions that American Well faces are 1. Introducing the product to new customer segments 2. Capturing the international market 3. Pushing the products beyond health care industry.American well is currently serving the connectivity between patients and physicians. The new product â€Å"Team Edition† will serve the connectivity between primary care physicians (PCPs) and the specialist. They are also considering the prospect of online health care to Hospitals, Retail clinics and Pharmacies. The adverse effect is it could be too soon for American Well to launch a new undertaking, given their core services has not yet been adop ted widely. Furthermore, this requires new hiring and additional funding. Stepping back has its own drawback of failing to capture the opportunity when there was demand.Meeting real-time excess demand with real-time excess capacity is a whole new world to be explored not only in health care but in many other industries. Also, the need for online health care has a great demand oversees too and American Well can explore its business in these new countries and can become a world leader in delivering virtual healthcare services in a many-to-many platform. Even though it is true that American Well has all the ideas and advantages – the main disadvantage is the lack of infrastructure and the awareness of an internet-based health service.There is still a lot of opportunities and work needed to be done with its present venture and stepping big foot too soon cannot be as beneficial for the company as it sounds. The â€Å"Team Edition† is an innovative product and the American W ell should concentrate on its existing customer base i. e. the payers. They should probably do extensive market research on all these new opportunities. A research team could be formed including members from American Well and personnel from top insurance companies to explore the scope of extending its services to hospitals and pharmacies.They should wait for the â€Å"spending freezes† to be over and need to analyze on how the new health reforms will affect the existing organization. Another conceivable strategy could be a hybrid of Direct-To-Customer model and Business-To-Business model. American Well can establish a DTC model where they would directly sign up patients and doctors to a nationwide system along with their existing B2B model. This will cover more customer base. The short term goal

Introduces Odysseus

The Odyssey, one of the most well known epic stories Introduces Odysseus, the King of Ithaca. This story demonstrates Odysseus’s physical and intellectual strength. Striving to return home after 20 years of his treacherous journey, he uses strength, skill, and superior ability to overcome his troubles. Although he faced numerous obstacles and fought many battles, he made it appoint to get home to his kingdom through his physical ability, intellectual insight, and overcoming his epic flaw. In the beginning of The Odyssey, Odysseus describes his homeland Ithaca and states â€Å"A rocky island, good for a boys training†.By saying this he makes it clear that he is proud of where he had grown up and that he had trained there. This introduces the physical prowess. He had been trained as a young boy to fight and carried that on with him as he grew up. Early on in the story he immediately shows his physical strength. The first story, Sailing from Troy, demonstrates this clearly when Odysseus states, â€Å"I stormed in that place and killed the men who fought. Plunder we took, and we enslaved the women to make a division, equal shares to all-†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer, Lines 43-45). In the battle of Troy he and his army had won, obviously giving him experience and strength in killing.When he killed the men of Ismarus, it was evident that he had no problem doing so. Odysseus felt like he could take on anything that would come his way, feeling invincible. After they had won, Odysseus shouted to the Gods that nothing they throw at him could bring him down. One of Odysseus’s first encounters with trouble after he shouted to the Gods was the Cyclops. After the Cyclops killed several of Odysseus’s men, he finally came up with a plan of how to kill him. After the Cyclops is passed out, Odysseus plans to take a sharpened pike to its eye.As Odysseus describes, â€Å" I drew it from the coals and my four fellows gave me a hand, lugging it near the Cyclops as more than natural force nerved them; straight forward they sprinted, lifted it, and rammed it deep in his crater eye, and I leaned on it turning it as a shipwright turns a drill in planking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer, Lines 329-335). Not only is Odysseus showing physical strength, but so are his men. It clearly took a lot of strength, physically and mentally, to kill the Cyclops. Odysseus’s physical strength continues in the story The Land of the Dead. It takes several people and a lot of strength to get their giant ship going.In the story it describes the process, â€Å"We bore down on the ship at the sea’s edge and launched her on the salt immortal sea, stepping our mast and spar in the black ship†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer, Lines 523-529). In order to get the masts and sails up you had to be very strong, and each time they left a place, they had to do so. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus and his men all display physical prowess in order to return back to Ithaca, but Intell ectual prowess also aids them in their return. Odysseus, using his intellectual prowess, is able to outsmart the obstacles he faces and also to make better choices for himself and his crew.In The Lotus-Eaters Odysseus land on an unknown Island and decides to send some men out and see what the land holds; â€Å"Then I sent out two picked men and a runner to learn what race of men that island sustained. † Instead of Odysseus risking his own life, he sends out others instead. This is a smart decision because he has no clue what is on the island and he wants to keep himself safe. In The Cyclops Odysseus had come prepared for anything that could happen, â€Å"A wineskin full I brought along, and victuals in a bag, for in my bones I knew some towering brute would be upon us soon-â€Å" (Homer, Lines 153-155).He knew that they were going to need food and supplies when they arrived on the island, so by using his intellectual prowess, he was prepared. Also in the Cyclops, he says, à ¢â‚¬Å"We beached there, and I told the crew to stand by and keep watch over the ship; as for myself I took twelve best fighters and went ahead. † (Homer, Lines 134-137). Wanting to stay safe, Odysseus took his best fighters with him and had the others stay back and watch the ship to be sure nothing happened to it. One of the most difficult obstacles Odysseus faced was overcoming if epic flaw.Odysseus had excessive pride, or Hubris, which sometimes got him in more trouble than he was already in. For example, in the Cyclops, as Odysseus and his men are leaving after stabbing the Cyclops’ eye, he shouts â€Å"Cyclops, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye: Laertes’ son, whose home’s on Ithaca. † Before this, Odysseus had told the Cyclops that his name was â€Å"Nohbdy† and could have gotten away without the Cyclops knowing who it really was, but Odysseus had to boast and brag that if anyone were to ask, it was him who blinded the Cyclops.Also in the beginning of The Odyssey after they had one the Battle of Troy, Odysseus shouted to the Gods that nothing could stop him. By provoking the Gods, he brought his 20 year journey onto himself. But by overcoming this flaw in the end, Odysseus finally returned home. Although he faced all of these battles, Odysseus combined all of his skill to defeat them and got back to Ithaca to reclaim his title as King. He couldn’t have done it on his own, but with the help of his men, using his physical and intellectual prowess, and overcoming his epic flaw, he achieved his goal after 20 years of difficulties.

The Black Cottage, Sikes And Nancy, And Treasure In The Forest.

The Black Cottage, Sikes And Nancy, And Treasure In The Forest. I have read 'the Black Cottage' written by Wilkie Collins in 1859, 'Sikes and Nancy' written by Charles dickens in 1869 and ' the Treasure in the Forest' written by H.G. Wells in 1895.A feeling of suspense is created the black cottage when the two housebreakers attempt to break into the Black Cottage. The climax in the story is when Bessie finally escapes from the cottage just as Dick and Jerry break the door down.HG Wells Treasure in the Forest creates suspense as the two explorers find the dead body of the Chinese man near the treasure. The climax of the story is when Hooker pricks his thumb on one of the thorns and realizes what Evans has done.Suspense is created in Sikes and Nancy when Sikes kills Nancy the climax is when Sikes accidentally kills himself when he falls off the roof and the rope hangs him by the neck.Sykes's NightjarIn Sikes and Nancy nearly all of the main characters are villains. Nancy is shown to be the good one as she does nothing bad, but she is not necessaril y perfect. Sikes is clearly made out as the villain as he is the one who kills Nancy and he got what he deserved when he dies. Another villain could be seen as Fagin, he is the one who hires a spy to watch Nancy when she goes to see the people but he is also the one who tells Sikes that he may be being over the top about it. Morris bolter is not shown as anyone as he is just doing his job and not taking sides.In the treasure in the forest there is not a hero or heroine. Hooker and Evans are shown as the villains as they killed the Chinese man...

Death Penalty for Juveniles

Death Penalty for Juveniles In 2005, he U.S. Supreme Court voted 5-4 to outlaw the death penalty for juveniles who were under the age of 18 at the time of the crimes, calling the execution of children unconstitutionally cruel. Pros Those who favor keeping the death penalty for juveniles make the following arguments: State legislatures should determine whether or not juveniles should be executed for capital crimes, not the courts.Juries should determine the culpability of juveniles on a case-by-case basis, on the nature of the crime and the maturity level of the individual juvenile.In a society, which is experiencing an increase in violence by juveniles, banning the death penalty would remove a much-needed deterrent.What other countries do concerning executing juveniles should not be relevant to the courts consideration of what the United States Constitution demands. Cons Those who oppose the  death penalty for juveniles  make these  arguments:​ Executing children is immoral and uncivilized.Scientific research shows that juveniles are underdeveloped and immature, particularly in the areas of the brain that dictate reason, impulse  control, and decision-making, and therefore should not be held culpable.A high percentage of juveniles on death row have suffered from mental abuse, physical abuse,  sexual abuse, drug addiction, abandonment and severe poverty.The execution of juveniles is expressly forbidden in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights,  the Geneva Convention  Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.With the exception of Somalia, the United States is the only country in the world that still executes juveniles.

Urban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urban - Essay Example Many cities are founded based on industrialization and/or trade since with many industries there for labor arises, leading to people migrating to towns; these people will require housing education and medical services. This leads to centralization of services this bringing them close to employees, and their families. This spawns a range of business to service the needs of the inhabitants, because of the industries, there is also the demand for non-skilled labor, and the workers are often not well educated and poorly paid. As a result, they cannot afford the expensive housing and end up living in informal settlements or slums and shantytowns especially in third world countries. However, urban areas are centers of administrative government with their central location allowing them to be accessed by people from anywhere. They are also centers of entertainment with many fun spots such as discos, casinos and nightclubs being located in urban area. However, cities also create a breeding ground for a plethora of crimes mostly because of competition for limited resources these include; muggings and robbery, and self-destructive activities such as drug use and other unhealthy recreational activities as people try to escape their problems in a place far away from their

Self-Criticism for Attempt of Cheating Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Criticism for Attempt of Cheating - Article Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the sequence of events as they unfolded in the author’s life is confusing and hilarious since all through he was busy preparing for the examination. Although the author deeply regrets his callousness, he also would like to take this opportunity to explain his predicament. The researcher consistently has good grades in studies and there is no need for him to use cheating to pass any examination. The biggest mistake that the author seems to have made is leaving behind a set of note cards in his calculator while preparing for the paper. In the author’s hurry and dedication towards the subject, he ended up in the examination hall with the notes right in his calculator, without him being aware of it. The researcher’s only aim and intent during the exam were to stay sincere in his journey of solving the problems in the question paper. In no way, had the author any intention of using those note cards pr esent in his calculator. A chance discovery by the invigilator revealed to the author the presence of these notes. He has always been critical of tech-savvy students taking undue advantage of the gadgets that they are allowed to carry in the examination hall. The researcher is also aware that in separate studies, it has been found that 34% of the students in examination halls resort to carrying notes in their gadgets like cell phones, graphing calculators, and laptops. The allegation that the invigilator made on the author, therefore, looks too real to be refuted. However, the author is also aware that when there is a major mistake on the part of a student like him that has been committed, the authorities will give him a chance to explain himself, understand his predicament and not consider him liable for the penalty. It is very unfortunate for the author to have been so careless and unbecoming, especially when he has the rare privilege and honor of studying in an institution of hig h esteem.

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kite Runner (Write Hassan's Story) - Essay Example This showed the harassment and troubles that the ethnic minorities faced in Afghanistan at the hands of the pathans. After the incident with Hassan, Amir and Hassan moved apart when Amir put some money under Hassan’s pillow and blamed Hassan for stealing. Hassan took the blame and went away with his father while Amir moved to Pakistan, and eventually to America (Hosseini 295). Ali went with Hassan to a mountainous region which was isolated in central Afghanistan and was inhabited by their ethnic race. Hassan has always been loyal and good-natured. He is rather an innocent child who became a victim of the sexual desires of the rapist who raped him. The story unfolds to the fact that Amir and Hassan have been separated. While Amir is in America living a peaceful life, Hassan spends his whole life and death in Afghanistan in the country which is the focal point of the Soviet invasion and wars, and later the centre of violence of Taliban. Hassan’s father Ali dies due to the violence and Hassan gets married and has a son who is soon sent to orphanage after Hassan and his wife are killed by the Taliban (Hosseini 316). Hassan’s life has been tragic and innocent throughout and he has seen very less of good things just because he was an ethnic minority living in a violent country like Afghanistan. He spent his best time while he was with Amir in his house as they both played kite running and spent a lot of time together. It was after the rape which leads the change in Hassan’s life and shaped Amir’s guilt of not helping him throughout the story. This shows the ugliest picture of the injustice that the ethnic minorities had to face in Afghanistan. After Hassan leaves Amir’s house, he is forced to serve his rapist who belonged to a rich and powerful family. Hassan cannot take any action against his rape and instead has to dutifully serve the rapist just because he

Enforcement Directorate Essay Example for Free

Enforcement Directorate Essay Enforcement Directorate ‡Pertains to the establishment of Directorate of Enforcement and the powers to investigate the violation of any provisions of Act, rule, regulation, notifications, directions or order issued in exercise of the powers under this Act. The Director have been empowered to take up investigations. Enforcement Directorate ‡ The Directorate of Enforcement is mainly concerned with the enforcement of the provisions of the FEMA to prevent leakage of foreign exchange which generally occurs through the following malpractices. 2.Remittances of Indians abroad otherwise than through normal banking channels, i. e. through compensatory payments. 3.Acquisition of foreign currency illegally by person in India. 4.Unauthorized maintenance of accounts in foreign countries. 5.Illegal acquisition of foreign exchange through Hawala. 6.Secreting of commission abroad. Organizational Set-Up *The Enforcement directorate, with its HQs at New Delhi has seven zonal offices at Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Jalandhar, Madras, Ahmedabad and Bangalore. The zonal offices are headed by the Dy. Directors * The Directorate has 9 sub zonal offices at Agra,Srinagar, Jaipur, Varanasi, Trivendrum, Calicut, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Goa, which are headed by the Asstt. Directors. FEMA 1999 ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE Established by Central Govt to investigate due adherence to the provisions of the Act by market participants. Concerned with enforcement of the provisions of the Act to prevent leakage of foreign exchange occurring through various malpractices. Directorate of Enforcement is responsible for detection of cases relating to violation and performance of adjudicatory functions to curb malpractices FUNCTIONS To collect and develop intelligence relating to violation of provisions of FEMA. To conduct searches of suspected persons, conveyances and premises for seizing incriminating materials. To enquire into and investigate suspected violations or provisions of FEMA. To adjudicate cases of violations of FEMA for levying penalties and also for confiscating the amounts involved in contraventions. To realise penalties in departmental adjudication. The Parliament has enacted the Foreign Exchange Management Act,1999 to replace the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973. This Act came into force on the 1st day of June,2000. To investigate provisions of the Act, the Central Govt. have established the Directorate of Enforcement with Director and other officers as officers of the Enforcement. ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE The Directorate of Enforcement is mainly concerned with the enforcement of the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act to prevent leakage of foreign exchange which generally occurs through the following malpractices 1) Remittances of Indians abroad otherwise than through normal banking channels, i.e. through compensatory payments. Acquisition of foreign currency illegally by person in India. Non ²repatriation of the proceeds of the exported goods. Unauthorised maintenance of accounts in foreign countries. Under ²invoicing of exports and over ²invoicing of imports and any other type of invoice manipulation. Siphoning off of foreign exchange against fictitious and bogus imports land by Illegal acquisition of foreign exchange through Hawala. Secreting of commission abroad. 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Directorate has to detect cases of violation and also perform substantial adjudicatory functions to curb such malpract ices. ORGANISATION SET-UP The Enforcement Directorate, with its Headquarters at New Delhi has seven zonal offices at Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Jalandhar, Madras, Ahmedabad and Bangalore. The zonal offices are headed by the Deputy Directors. The Directorate has nine sub ²zonal offices at Agra, Srinagar, Jaipur, Varanasi, Trivandrum, Calicut, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Goa, which are headed by the Assistant Directors. The Directorate has also a Unit at Madurai, which is headed by a Chief Enforcement Officer. Besides, there are three Special Directors of Enforcement and one Additional Director of Enforcement, FUNCTIONS The main functions of the Directorate are as under: ² The main functions of the Directorate are as under 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 To enforce Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 and Prevention of money Laundering Act 2002. To collect and develop intelligence relating to violation of the provisions of Foreign Exchange Management Act and Prevention of money Laundering Act 2002. To conduct searches of suspected persons, conveyances and premises and seize incriminating materials (including Indian and foreign currencies involved) To enquire into and investigate suspected violations of provisions of Foreign Exchange Management Act and Prevention of money Laundering Act 2002. To adjudicate cases of violations of Foreign Exchange Management Act penalties departmentally and also for confiscating the amounts involved in violations. To realize the penalties imposed in departmental adjudication; To attach and confiscate properties involved in the act of Money laundering. To arrest the pers on suspected to be involved in the act of money laundering. To prosecute the person involved in the act of money laundering. In addition to the above functions relating to the Foreign Exchange Management Act. Directorate also processes and recommends cases for detention of habitual offender under the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act,1974 (COFEPOSA), which provides interalia for detention of a person with a intention of preventing him from acting in a manner prejudicial to the conservation and augmentation of exchange. PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS For enforcing the provisions of various sections of FEMA,l999, the officers of Enforcement Directorate of the level of Assistant Director and above will have to undertake the following functions: 1) 2) 3) 4) Collection and development of intelligence/information. Keeping surveillance over suspects. Searches of persons/vehicles as per provisions of Income ²tax Act,1961. Searches of premises as per provisions of Income ²tax Act,1961. 5) Summoning of persons for giving evidence and producing of documents as per provisions of Income ²tax Act,l96l. Power to examine persons as per provisions of Income ²tax Act,196l. Power to lcall for any information/document as per provisions of Income ²tax Act , 1961. Power to seize documents etc. as per provisions of Income ²tax Act,196l. Custody of documents as per Income ²tax Act,196l. Adjudication and appeals- Officers of and above the rank of Dy Director of Enforcement, are empowered to adjudicate cases of contravention of the provisions of the Act; these proceedings which are quasi ²judicial in nature, start with the issuance of show cause notice; in the event of cause tshown by the Notice ²not being found satisfactory, further proceedings are held, vis. personal hearing, in which the noticee has a further right to present his defence, either in person or through any authorised representative; on conclusion of these proceedings, the adjudicating authority has to examine and consider the evidence on record, in its entirety and in case the charges not being found proved, the noticee is acquitted, and in the e vent of charges being found substantiated, such penalty, as is considered appropriate as per provisions of section 13 of the Act can be imposed, besides confiscation of amount involved in these contraventions. The penalty imposed has to be deposited in the concerned office of the Dy. Director within 45 days of the date of receipt of the Adjudication order. In case the party feels aggrieved by the orders of the adjudicating authority, he/she/they can refer appeal, before the Appellate Tribunal/Special Director (Appeal), Foreign Exchange. Whereas, another appeal lies to the High Court, against the order of the Appellate Tribunal, however, only in the matters involving question/points of Law. PUBLIC GRIEVANCES MACHINERY The Directorate keeps a constant vigil over its officers/staff and strict action is taken against anybody found/suspected to be involved in any undesirable activity. The Vigilance Cell of the Directorate works under the direct supervision of the Director of Enforcement, and, at present, it includes two very senior officers.

Essay on Fate and Human Responsibility in the Aeneid -- Aeneid Essays

Fate and Human Responsibility in the Aeneid  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚               If you're going to write an epic about great heroism, don't use the Aeneid as your primary guide. It's not that heroism can't be found in the Aeneid, it's just hard to prove. First off, Virgil writes a story in a fatalistic universe, wherein every action and every event is under Jupiter's divine thumb .   Fatalism "is all-pervading in Virgil . . . in it [the Aeneid] the words fatum and fata occur some 120 times" (Bailey 204). And in the first three books alone "the word 'Fatum' or 'Fata' occurs more than forty times" (Sellar 334).    Venus praises Jupiter as one who: "command[s] and govern[s] the events of gods and men . . ." (1:321-21). Furthermore, Phoebus tells Aeneas that "the king of gods allot the fates, revolving every happening . . ." (3:484-87).   So whenever Aeneas wins a battle, whenever Aeneas needs help, whenever Aeneas catches a cold, Jupiter has control.   And though not all events are fated (e.g. Dido's suicide), most events are under the contr ol of the gods .   Aeneas even admits that he doesn't have a free will (4:491-92), because he is bound for Latium.   If a universe is fated, how can anybody be responsible for his or her actions?   The very idea of fatalism obliterates any notion of heroism because it removes the potential for human responsibility .            Ã‚   Why should Aeneas be praised for conquering Latium? Why should Aeneas be called a hero?   The interesting paradox within the Aeneid is the idea of human responsibility interwoven with fatalism.   Though Aeneas knows that "fate has promised" his settlement in Latium (1:286-87), he doesn't sit around waiting for Jupiter to zap them all into Latium; he is on a constant quest to settle there.   And t... ...he Aeneid. L'ERMA, di BRETDCHNEIDER, ROMA, 1983.    Henry, Elisabeth.   The Vigour of Prophecy, A Study of Virgil's Aeneid. Bristol Classical Press, Great Britain, 1989.    Lyne, R.O.A.M. Further Voices in Vergil's Aeneid. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987.    Poschl, Viktor. The Art of Vergil, Image and Symbol in the Aeneid. Trans. Gerda Seligson, Greenwood Press, Connecticut 1986.    Paschalis, Michael. Virgil's Aeneid: Semantic Relations and Proper Names. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997.    Sellar, W.Y. The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1877.    Silvestris, Bernardus. Commentary on the First Six Books of Virgil's Aeneid. Translated by Schreiber and Maresca. University of Nebraska Press. London, 1979.    Quinn, Kenneth. Vergil's Aeneid, A Critical Description. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. 1968.

Rogerian Essay: Same Sex Schools vs. Co-Ed School

Samantha Finocchio English 211 Mrs. Plummer March 5th, 2o13 Rogerian Essay Same Sex Schools vs. Co-ed Schools People everywhere have different beliefs. In this case, trying to decide whether schools should be the same gender or mixed gender is the problem. This predicament is affecting how our children of the future will learn and succeed in life. There are pros and cons for both co-ed and same sex schooling. Some say co-ed schools should remain the way they are; others strongly disagree and believe that schools should consist of one sex only. Same sex schools can be down right awful for some students.Depending on how you look at it, the co-ed interaction could be great. Some students need the socialization to live. These types of students thrive on it. They want to be able to learn about the other sex so later in life they will not feel vulnerable when they enter the real world. The real world is clearly full of both men and women. Job atmospheres are almost always co-ed nowadays. W ithout growing up in that type of environment young adults from same sex schools may not know how to react when they get there. Being stuck in a same gender school your whole life can be boring and drab.There is no personal expression, style, flirting, or even any drama. People live for these things and they are not accessible in same sex schools they will be distressed. Another reason co-ed schools tower over private same sex schools is because private schools are too strict. One way they are is because they often require uniforms. Uniforms are no fun when you cannot express your own style. They do not give individuals the opportunity to express themselves by being different. Another reason co-ed schools are better is because they are often easier on their students when it comes to discipline.A lot of parents feel that the discipline should be learned at home. The education facility is a place to learn about school matters, not etiquette. Although, co-ed schools may be more fun and entertaining, are the students actually learning anything? Evidently, co-ed schools do have their positive effects on students but same sex schools are ultimately better. Co-ed schools cannot compete with private same sex schools because the same sex schools are much better environments for focus and learning purposes. That is the main importance of this problem. A greater amount of work will get done if it is only girls and only boys.Schools that are same gender are generally private schools. This means the students would be wearing uniforms. Uniforms stand for unity and equality. They make it so that everyone is equal and clothes will not be an indicator of popularity or wealth. No one will be compared to others because of what they are wearing since they will all be dressed the same. Flirting and sexual activity will be cut down extremely. When boys and girls are together they often tend to get distracted and in trouble by talking, giggling or caught up in each other and not get their school work done. This would also cut back on the drama.Girls tend to fight and cause drama but when you take boys out of the picture a majority of the problems will dissolve. Often, children, teens, and young adults who are misbehaved have parents that cannot handle them and end up sending them away to boarding schools to learn discipline. Every school will be same sex/private so parents will not have to worry about sending their child away because they will get the same discipline in every single school. It was proven in 2000 by ACER that â€Å"boys and girls in single-sex schools were more likely to be better behaved and to find learning more enjoyable and the curriculum more relevant. This being said, with only of the genders in the classroom, class sizes would be cut in half. Smaller classes will allow each teacher to better focus on each student individually. Although people have views on same sex and co-ed schools that differ drastically, they can come to a compromise by doing a little of both. This consensus will be that schools will be same sex from kindergarten to eighth grade. This will give children the to chance to learn the fundamentals of their studies with no interruptions. They will be able to learn discipline in their younger years so when they get older they will already have the skills to use in life.Compromising for the people who are for co-ed schools, all of high school and higher education co-ed schooling will be a choice. Being in a co-ed environment as a young adult will give them enough experience for the real world while already have the superior essentials from same sex private schools in their childhood. These same gender schools at an elementary and middle school level will then turn into co-ed school for high school and benefit both sides of the problem. WORK CITED â€Å"NASSPE: Research Single-Sex vs. Coed: The Evidence. † NASSPE: Research Single-Sex vs. Coed: The Evidence. N. p. , n. d. Web. 06 Mar. 2013.

Packet Sniffing

Sniffing In short, packet sniffing is the method used to see all kinds of information as is passes over the network it is linked to, but how does a packet sniffer work? A packet sniffer is a piece of software or hardware capable of monitoring all network traffic. It is able to capture all incoming and outgoing traffic for example clear-text passwords, user names and other private or sensitive details. Packet sniffing is a form of wire-tap applied to computer networks instead of phone networks. It came into vogue with Ethernet, which is known as a â€Å"shared medium† network.This means that traffic on a segment passes by all hosts attached to that segment. Ethernet hardware contained a filter that prevented the host machine from actually seeing any other traffic than that belonging to the host. Sniffing programs turn off the filter, and thus see everyones traffic. In the scheme of things, a computer usually only examines a packet of data that corresponds to the computerâ€℠¢s address but with a packet sniffer you are able to set the network interface to ‘promiscuous mode’. In this case it examines ALL available information passing through it.As the data passes through the system it is copied and stored in memory or on a hard drive. The copies are then able to be studied and the information analyzed. The captured information is decoded from raw digital form into a  human-readable  format that permits users of the protocol analyzer to easily review the exchanged information As soon as you connect to the internet, you ‘sign on’ to a network that is under the watch of your ISP. This network can communicate with other networks and in short forms the basis of the internet.If a packet sniffer is located at a server owned by your ISP, it has the potential to gain access to: * The web sites visited. * What is searched for on the site. * Your e-mail recipients. * The contents of your mail. * Any files you download. * A list of your audio, video and telephony options. * A list of visitors to your website. Switched vs. Non-Switched In a non-switched network environment packet sniffing is an easy thing to do. This is because network traffic is sent to a hub which broadcasts it to everyone. Switched networks are completely different in the way they operate.Switches work by sending traffic to the destination host only. This happens because switches have CAM tables. These tables store information like MAC addresses, switch ports, and VLAN information [1]. Before sending traffic from one host to another on the same local area network, the host ARP cache is first checked. The ARP cache is a table that stores both Layer 2 (MAC) addresses and Layer 3 (IP) addresses of hosts on the local network. If the destination host isn’t in the ARP cache, the source host sends a broadcast ARP request looking for the host. When the host replies,the traffic can be sent to it.The traffic goes from the source host to the switch, and then directly to the destination host. This description shows that traffic isn’t broadcast out to every host, but only to the destination host, therefore it’s harder to sniff traffic. Passive Vs. Active Sniffing Sniffers are a powerful piece of software. They have the capability to place the hosting system’s network card into promiscuous mode. A network card in promiscuous mode can receive all the data it can see, not just packets addressed to it. Passive Sniffing If you are on a hub, a lot of traffic can potentially be affected.Hubs see all the traffic in that particular collision domain. Sniffing performed on a hub is known as passive sniffing. Passive sniffing is performed when the user is on a hub. Because the user is on a hub, all traffic is sent to all ports. All the attacker must do is to start the sniffer and just wait for someone on the same collision domain to start sending or receiving data. Collision domain is a logical area of the network in wh ich one or more data packets can collide with each other. Passive sniffing worked well during the days that hubs were used.The problem is that there are few of these devices left. Most modern networks use switches. That is where active sniffing comes in. Active Sniffing When sniffing is performed on a switched network, it is known as active sniffing. Active sniffing relies on injecting packets into the network that causes traffic. Active sniffing is required to bypass the segmentation that switches provided. Switches maintain their own ARP cache in a special type of memory known as Content Addressable Memory (CAM), keeping track of which host is connected to which port.Sniffers operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model. This means that they do not have to play by the same rules as applications and services that reside further up the stack. Sniffers can grab whatever they see on the wire and record it for later review. They allow the user to see all the data contained in the pa cket, even information that should remain hidden. The terms active and passive sniffing has also been used to describe  wireless network sniffing. They have analogous meaning. Passive wireless sniffing involves sending no packets, and monitoring the packets send by the others.Active sniffing involves sending out multiple network probes to identify APs. How Does a Packet Sniffer Work? A packet sniffer works by viewing every packet sent in the network. This includes packets not intended for itself. How does it do this? Three types of sniffing methods are used. Methods may work in non-switched networks or in switched networks. These methods are: IP-based sniffing I. P -based sniffing works by putting the network card into promiscuous mode and sniffing all packets matching the IP address filter and is the original type of packet sniffing.The IP address filtering isn’t switched on so the sniffing program is able to capture all the packets. This method will only function in non-s witched networks. MAC-based sniffing MAC-based sniffing works by putting the network card into promiscuous mode and sniffing all packets that match the MAC address filter. ARP-based sniffing ————————————————- ARP-based sniffing doesn’t put the network card into promiscuous mode because ARP packets are sent to its administrators. This is because the ARP protocol is stateless.This means that sniffing can be done on a switched network. Once a hacker has found possible networks to attack, one of their first tasks is to identify the target. Many organizations are nice enough to include their names or addresses in the network name. The Sniffer program works by asking a computer, specifically its Network Interface Card (NIC), to stop ignoring all the traffic headed to other computers and pay attention to them. It does this by placing the NIC in a state known as promiscuous mode.Once a NIC is promiscuous mode, a machine can see all the data transmitted on its segment. The program then begins to constantly read all information entering the PC through the network card. Data traveling along the network comes as frames, or packets, bursts of bits formatted to specific protocols. Because of this strict formatting, the sniffer peels away the layers of encapsulation and decodes the relevant information stored in the packet sent, including the identity of the source computer, that of the targeted computer, and every piece of information exchanged between the two computer.Even if the network administrator has configured his equipment in such a way as to hide information, there are tools available that can determine this information. Utilizing any well known network sniffing tools, an attacker can easily monitor the unencrypted networks. Modes: On wired broadcast and wireless LANs, to capture traffic other than  unicast  traffic sent to the machine running the sniffer software,  multicast  traffic sent to a multicast group to which that machine is listening, and  broadcast  traffic, the  network adapter  being used to apture the traffic must be put into  promiscuous mode; some sniffers support this, others don't. On wireless LANs, even if the adapter is in promiscuous mode, packets not for the  service set  for which the adapter is configured will usually be ignored. To see those packets, the adapter must be in  monitor mode. Who Uses a Packet Sniffer? Packet sniffers are often used by ISP’s as a diagnostic tool for their back-up systems, so it is in fact a well-utilized form of technology. Packet sniffing is also sometimes used to investigate the habits and actions of criminals, for example in the FBI’s Carnivore System.As I am sure you will appreciate from the above, packet sniffers can be a useful, relatively harmless tool or a potentially dangerous invasion of privacy. Packet sniffers are a perfec t example of how technology may be used to help or to harm. USES: The versatility of packet sniffers means they can be used to: * Analyze network problems * Detect  network intrusion  attempts * Detect network misuse by internal and external users * Documenting regulatory compliance through logging all perimeter and endpoint traffic * Gain information for effecting a network intrusion * Isolate exploited systems * Monitor WAN bandwidth utilization Monitor network usage (including internal and external users and systems) * Monitor data-in-motion * Monitor WAN and endpoint security status * Gather and report network statistics * Filter suspect content from network traffic * Serve as primary data source for day-to-day network monitoring and management * Spy on other network users and collect sensitive information such as passwords (depending on any content  encryption  methods which may be in use) * Reverse engineer  proprietary protocols  used over the network * Debug clie nt/server communications * Debug network protocol implementations Verify adds, moves and changes * Verify internal control system effectiveness (firewalls, access control, Web filter, Spam filter, proxy) DEFENSE Detection Protection Conclusion Having looked at what they are, why they work and how they are used, it is easy to view sniffers as both dangerous threats and powerful tools. Every user should understand they are vulnerable to these types of attacks and their best defense lies in encryption. Administrators and professionals need to know that these programs are superb diagnostic utilities that can, unfortunately, be used with malicious intent on any network.